个人喜欢折腾，这里面的功能完全可以通过插件来解决，而且更加强大，但是我个人方面仅仅是希望添加一个每天按照分类筛选的功能，经过寻找，确实是找到了相关代码，测试过后也没有任何问题。

这里直接附上代码：

add_action('pre_get_posts', 'my_filter_media_by_cat');
add_action( 'restrict_manage_posts', 'my_add_media_cat_dropdown' );

function my_filter_media_by_cat( $q ) {
  $scr = get_current_screen();
  $cat = filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'postcat', FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING );   
  if ( ! $q->is_main_query() || ! is_admin() || (int)$cat <= 0 || $scr->base !== 'upload' )
      return;
  // get the posts
  $posts = get_posts( 'nopaging=1&category=' . $cat );
  // get post ids
  $pids = ( ! empty( $posts ) ) ? wp_list_pluck($posts, 'ID') : false;
  if ( ! empty($pids) ) {
    $pidstxt = implode($pids, ',');
    global $wpdb;
    // get the ids of media having retrieved posts as parent
    $mids = $wpdb->get_col("SELECT ID FROM $wpdb->posts WHERE post_parent IN ($pidstxt)");
    if ( ! empty($mids) ) {
      // force media query to retrieve only media having retrieved posts as parent
      $q->set( 'post__in', $mids );
    } else {
      // force media query to return no posts
      $q->set( 'p', -1 ); // let query found nothing
    }
  }
}

function my_add_media_cat_dropdown() {
  $scr = get_current_screen();
  if ( $scr->base !== 'upload' ) return;
  $cat = filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'postcat', FILTER_SANITIZE_STRING );   
  $selected = (int)$cat > 0 ? $cat : '-1';  
  $args = array(
      'show_option_none'   => 'All Post Categories',
      'name'               => 'postcat',
      'selected'           => $selected
  ); 
  wp_dropdown_categories( $args );
}

代码逻辑方面备注也是相当清楚了，大家有兴趣的可以看看。

如果你觉得上面的代码比较复杂。可以考虑下面的插件：

https://wordpress.org/plugins/media-library-organizer/ ---------------------------

2022年09月04日更新：通过该插件可以实现和上方代码一样的功能： https://cn.wordpress.org/plugins/media-library-filter/